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Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Insights Into Platelet-Derived MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular and Oncologic Diseases: Potential Predictor and Therapeutic Target

Qianru Leng, Jie Ding, Meiyan Dai, Lei Liu, Qing Fang, Dao Wen Wang, Lujin Wu* and

Yan Wang*

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), represented by cardiovascular diseases and cancer, have been the leading cause of death globally. Improvements in mortality from cardiovascular (CV) diseases (decrease of 14%/100,000, United States) or cancers (increase 7.5%/100,000, United States) seem unsatisfactory during the past two decades, and so the search for innovative and accurate biomarkers of early diagnosis and prevention, and novel treatment strategies is a valuable clinical and economic endeavor. Both tumors and cardiovascular system are rich in angiological systems that maintain material exchange, signal transduction and distant regulation. This pattern determines that they are strongly influenced by circulating substances, such as glycolipid metabolism, inflammatory homeostasis and cyclic non-coding RNA and so forth. Platelets, a group of small anucleated cells, inherit many mature proteins, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs from their parent megakaryocytes during gradual formation and manifest important roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, cancer, and many other diseases apart from its classical function in hemostasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs containing 22 nucleotides that participate in many key cellular processes by pairing with mRNAs at partially complementary binding sites for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Platelets contain fully functional miRNA processors in their microvesicles and are able to transport their miRNAs to neighboring cells and regulate their gene expression. Therefore, the importance of platelet-derived miRNAs for the human health is of increasing interest. Here, we will elaborate systematically the roles of plateletderived miRNAs in cardiovascular disease and cancer in the hope of providing clinicians with new ideas for early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

Keywords: platelet, MicroRNAs, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, platelet-derived microvesicle (PMV)

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879351

FIGURE 1 | Proposed model for the inheritance and operation of platelet miRNAs.

FIGURE 2 | The regulation network of miRNA during platelet biogenesis.

FIGURE 3 | Platelet MPs mediate the transfer of intercellular miRNAs to other cells in the circulatory system, and participate in the regulation of gene expression of recipient cells.

FIGURE 4 | Functions of platelet-derived miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases.

FIGURE 5 | Functions of platelet-derived miRNAs in cancer.

Journal of Translational Medicine

The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe?

Xiaoyan Huang, Xiangyu Huang, Yi Huang, Jiarong Zheng, Ye Lu, Zizhao Mai, Xinyuan Zhao, Li Cui and Shaohong Huang

Abstract

The human body is colonized by abundant and diverse microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiome. The oral cavity has more than 700 species of bacteria and consists of unique microbiome niches on mucosal surfaces, on tooth hard tissue, and in saliva. The homeostatic balance between the oral microbiota and the immune system plays an indispensable role in maintaining the well-being and health status of the human host. Growing evidence has demonstrated that oral microbiota dysbiosis is actively involved in regulating the initiation and progression of an array of autoimmune diseases.

Oral microbiota dysbiosis is driven by multiple factors, such as host genetic factors, dietary habits, stress, smoking, administration of antibiotics, tissue injury and infection. The dysregulation in the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in triggering and promoting autoimmune diseases via several mechanisms, including microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, autoantigen overproduction, and amplification of autoimmune responses by cytokines. Good oral hygiene behaviors, low carbohydrate diets, healthy lifestyles, usage of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, oral microbiota transplantation and nanomedicine-based therapeutics are promising avenues for maintaining a balanced oral microbiome and treating oral microbiota-mediated autoimmune diseases. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases is critical for providing novel insights into the development of oral microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for combating these refractory diseases.

Keywords Oral microbiota, Homeostasis, Dysbiosis, Autoimmune diseases, Targeted therapies

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-03995-x

Fig. 1 The bidirectional role of oral microbiota in the organism: eubiosis and dysbiosis.

Fig. 2 Multiple driving factors of microbiota dysbiosis.

Fig. 3 The critical mechanism of oral microorganisms in autoimmune diseases.

Fig. 4 Graphical description of targeting the possible mechanisms of P. gingivalis for triggering autoimmune diseases.

Fig. 5 Treatment strategy on balancing oral microbiota for autoimmune diseases.

Clinical Oncology

Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Natural Killer Cells: A New Breakthrough in the Treatment of Solid Tumours

S. Pan, F. Wang, J. Jiang, Z. Lin, Z. Chen, T. Cao, L. Yang

Abstract

Natural killer (NK) cells can quickly and directly eradicate tumour cells without recognising tumour-specific antigens. NK cells also participate in immune surveillance, which arouses great interest in the development of novel cancer therapies. The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) family is composed of receptor proteins that give immune cells extra capabilities to target specific antigen proteins or enhance their killing effects. CAR-T cell therapy has achieved initial success in haematological tumours, but is prone to adverse reactions, especially with cytokine release syndrome in clinical applications. Currently, CAR-NK cell therapy has been shown to successfully kill haematological tumour cells with allogeneic NK cells in clinical trials without adverse reactions, proving its potential to become an off-the-shelf product with broad clinical application prospects. Meanwhile, clinical trials of CAR-NK cells for solid tumours are currently un- derway. Here we will focus on the latest advances in CAR-NK cells, including preclinical and clinical trials in solid tumours, the advantages and challenges of CAR-NK cell therapy and new strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of CAR-NK cell therapy.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2022.10.019